Usually I've done my presentations about what's inspired me, or what I could write the most about without sacrificing accuracy and detail

With doing your presentation on Cancer its good and bad at the same time, here's why:

Good:
Widespread Problem which affects millions and therefore a serious medical issue
Lots of information online to help you're research
Many types of Cancer to study and talk about

Bad:
At-least one other person will end up doing the same presentation
It's been done many times, don't follow the crowd. Do what you want to which is different
Other serious medical problems exists which don't get talked about as much, eg Aids (HIV)

That's just personally what I think. However, go with what you feel you should, or whatever you want to. It's your presentation

Whatever has the most info on it so it'll go longer

As said, everyone else does it. A lot of people know some info about it so your time is better spent talking about a different subject. Cancer is widely known though, so info is everywhere making a 10 min speech very easy.

Cancer would probably be the easiest one to do if you wanna take the easy road (definitely something I would do).
If you wanna challenge yourself maybe do research on some rare diseases. Would make you stand out and could impress your teacher.

Idk if cancer is an interesting topic to you, if it is go for it. People tend to have better presentations when they're interested on their topic. 10 minutes isn't really that long, I've given a 30 minute presentation on philosophy before lol.